Dark romanticism is a literary movement based on a desperate and pessimistic view of individual and social issues, with themes such as death thought, suffering, pessimism, loneliness, vulgar descriptions and disgusting aspects of human existence, ambiguous atmosphere and Darkness reflects fear, denial of human values, despair and frustration with society and the status of human existence and isolation. In the works of some poets and writers, examples of dark writing can be found that reflect a desperate and pessimistic view of existence in certain historical situations. Contemporary Arab poet Adonis is no exception. Oshari is a Syrian poet who was incarcerated for his political activities and composing protest poems against the authorities,Among contemporary Arab poets, he played the most prominent role in contemporary and modern Arab poetry, which placed him among the first modern poets and theorists. Contrary to many people's beliefs, Adonis is not a poet of romanticism,And in his poems there is no sense of romanticism, but in his last book of poetry entitled "Al-Masrah and the Mirrors (Scenes and Mirrors)" there are traces of black romanticism that is expressed in a vague and symbolic language. The purpose of this study is to show the dark romanticism in this collection. The findings of the research show that the reason for Adonis's dark style of writing in this collection is sometimes rooted in corrupt society and sometimes originated from his achievements. "Teab" is one of the most frequent motifs that the poet has used the most to portray his failures. The authors have tried to identify and translate parts of this book with a higher percentage of dark writing by descriptive-analytical method, and then analyze it. Exploring the fields and factors of dark writing in this collection allows us to consciously encounter one of the works of contemporary Arabic literature that originates from the dark and dire revolutionary situation of society

Qasim'Ali Qayini's Manazir wa Maraya, that has been written in 11th century A.H./18th A.D., is one of the last works in Muslims' tradition of optical writings. In this work, Qayini has defined the scope of 'Ilm-i manazir and has referred to some predecessor like Euclid and Kindi. Moreover he proceeds popular topics in optical works like reflection and refraction of light, burning tools, rainbow, the moon's halo, the dark room, and the field of view in flat mirrors.

Sociological criticism is one of the methods of literary criticism, and Lucien Goldman's constructive structuralist criticism is one of its subsets, which examines the relationship and similarity between the structure of a literary work and the structure of society. Tariq Bekari, a Moroccan writer, has mentioned the categories of colonialism, cultural alienation, westernization and the influence of the capitalist system in the Arab world with a historical perspective in his novel Maraya General, and his work has a meaningful structure. Therefore, the current research tries to express the worldview of the novel Maraya General based on Goldman's theory and show the political and social developments of Morocco represented in the text of this novel. The findings of the research indicate that the text of Maraya General's novel is a reflection of the structure of the Moroccan society in the 1970s to the 1990s, whose hidden worldview is the critical attitude of a class of Moroccan left-wing and socialist intellectuals who rely on their class consciousness to achieve freedom. They rebel against the authoritarian system in Morocco, but Western colonialism and the capitalist system prevent the realization of the ideal consciousness of this class by alienating and dividing Moroccans. At the cultural level, because of copying the western culture, Moroccans have suffered cultural conflicts and alienation and caused the spread of moral corruption and the development of the influence of foreigners, and at the social level; The suffocation and lack of freedom of speech make Moroccans disappointed and frustrated,

Nostalgia is a deep longing and homesickness along with a bittersweet feeling towards objects, people and the past events. Traditionally, enthusiasm and a desire to return home to visit relatives have been the common theme in the past poets and writers’ works. Adnan Alsaygh is among the poets who were forced to leave home due to the chaotic situation in Iraq and the persecution of the government. The most important manifestation of homesickness in his poems is reflected in his desire and longing for his native country embracing all his relatives and friends. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, the present study intends to analyze the different forms of patriotism in his poetry along with the manifestations of homesickness, the remembrance of the past, the role of colonizer in the poet’s exile, and utopia of exile poets in "Maraya Le shareha al- Taweel" and "Sama fi Khozeh". The findings reveal that the poet has such a strong enthusiasm for his homeland that he constantly weeps and enthusiastically writes about his homeland problems and his bittersweet past leading to his peacefulness.

رمان آینه های دردار اثر هوشنگ گلشیری یکی از آثار ادبیات معاصر فارسی است که عناصر فرهنگی بسیاری در خود جای دارد. این رمان در سال 2004 م به قلم سلیم عبدالأمیر حمدان با نام «مرایا الذات» به عربی ترجمه شد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی انتقال عناصر فرهنگی این رمان از فارسی به عربی بر پایه الگوی ولادیمیر ایویر (1987) و راهبردهای ترجمه این گونه واژه ها و عبارتها و نیز بررسی میزان بسامد هر یک از راهبردها و میزان موفقیت مترجم است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی-تحلیلی است، برای این کار از طبقه­بندی پنج­گانۀ نیومارک (1988) و نیز نمونه کار هاشمی و غضنفری مقدم (1393) در تکمیل طبقه­بندی آن بهره بردیم. یافته های پژوهش بیانگر آن است که در این رمان، مؤلفه اصطلاحات با 95 مورد، پربسامدترین و مؤلفه های لعن و نفرین، دشنام و ناسزا با هیچ مورد کم بسامدترین است. نیز نتایج آماری راهکارهای ترجمه عناصر فرهنگی این رمان نشان می­دهد که جایگزینی با بسامد 50 و 57% و وام گیری با 20 و % 23 بیشترین راهکار به کاررفته مترجم است و این نشان از آن دارد که حمدان از روش تلفیقی وام گیری به همراه تعریف بهره نبرده و عبارتها را برای خواننده در درون متن یا پاورقی تعریف نکرده است، ولی نکته مثبت ترجمه او کاربرد اندک ترجمه تحت اللفظی و حذف و به کارنبردن مؤلفه افزوده سازی است.

Comparative literature is one of the most important topics in literary research, it can show the mutual influence of literature between different countries. On the other hand, the story and storytelling are the most important elements of literature, and knowing the elements of the story will lead to a better understanding of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the differences and commonalities in the style and elements of the story with comparative study in the story elements of the first collection of short stories by two writers from Iran and Syria, "The Quenched Fire [Atash-e Khamoosh]" by Simin Daneshvar and "Maraya al-nas [People's Mirrors]" by Widad Sakakini. The ancient literature in Iran and Syria is connected with the concept of storytelling and anecdote, and both countries simultaneously got familiar with the phenomenon of short story as a contemporary literary type. Storytelling experiences in these two countries began with male writers, but eventually, women writers joined the ranks. In Iran in 1948, Simin Daneshvar published her collection "The Quenched Fire [Atash-e Khamoosh]", which was the first collection of persian short stories written by a woman, gave the hope for the emergence of a female storyteller. In Syria, the pioneer of story writing among women was widad Sakakini, who first published her stories in the weekly story column in some magazines, and then published her first collection of stories, Maraya al-Nas (Mirrors of the People) in 1945/1324. Among the first collection of short stories by women writers in Iran and Syria, there are many commonalities that indicate special story writing in the period of essay writing and report writing, and they have benefited less from the practical techniques of artistic short stories, but they are very important,Because they are among the pioneers of short stories and have made a great impact on story.